ALLERGIES
"Only
seven foods comprise 95 percent of food allergies: milk, soy,
fish, wheat, eggs, peanuts, and tree nuts."
(The Yale Guide to Children's Nutrition, page 186, 1997.) [02.11.25.01]
CHILDREN
"U.S.
children who are overweight or obese: 25% (29)"
(Troiano, R. et. al., "Overweight children and adolescents"
Pediatrics 1998;101:497-504; Troiano, R., "Overweight Prevalence
and Trends for Children and Adolescents," Archives of Pediatric
and Adolescent Medicine 1995; 149:1085-91) [02.06.20:01]
"U.S.
vegetarian children who are overweight or obese: 8%"
(John Robbin's estimate based on lengthy discussions with many
physicians and dieticians familiar with the vegetarian and vegan
community) [02.06.20:02]
"U.S.
children who eat the recommended levels of fruits, vegetables,
and grains: 1%" (Munoz, K, et al, "Food Intakes
of U.S. Children and Adolescents Compared with Recommendations,"
Pediatrics, Sept 1997, pg 323-29. See also, "Few Young People
Eat Wisely, Study Shows," Associated Press, New York Times,
Sept 3, 1997, A-12) [02.06.20:03]
"U.S.
vegan children who eat the recommended levels of fruits, vegetables,
and grains: More than 50%" (John Robbin's estimate based
on lengthy discussions with many physicians and dieticians familiar
with the vegetarian and vegan community) [02.06.20:04]
"Average
I.Q. of U.S. children: 97" ("U.S. Children's I.Q.s
Sink," Los Angeles Times, Feb 6. 1993) [02.06.20:05]
"Average
I.Q. of vegetarian children: 116" (Dwyer. JT, et al,
"Mental age and I.Q. of predominately vegetarian children,"
Journal of the American Dietetic Association," 1980;76:142-47)
[02.06.20:06]
DIETS
(High Protein)
"Names
of some of the many popular high-fat, high-protein, low-carbohydrate
diets: Dr. Atkins New Diet Revolution, The Beverly Hills Diet,
Protein Power, The Carbohydrate Adict's Diet, The Stilman Diet,
The Scarsdale Diet, Charles Hunt's Diet Evolution, The Quick Weight-Loss
Diet, etc."
"How
many of these diets are advertised as low calorie diets: None"
[02.11.02:01]
"How
many of these diets are actually low calorie diets:
All of them --- they all prescirbe a daily caloric intake
that is well below average requirements" [02.11.02:02]
"How
the American Dietetic Association describes these diets: "A
nightmare" ("Demand for Meat Diet Fattens
Prices," Meat Industry Insights, Oct 26, 1999) [02.11.02:03]
"Primary
mechanism by which these diets cause weight loss: Ketosis"
("Fad Diets Versus Dietary Guidelines," American Institute
for Cancer Research: http://www.eatingbythebook.com/fads/fads.html)
[02.11.02:04]
"Ketosis
is an indicator used at the Atkins Center as a marker for whether
a person is staying on the diet... The Atkins diet is a lifelong
nutritional philosophy... The important thing is you are in ketosis."
(Dr. Robert Atkins: http://atkinscenter.com/helpatkins/faqs/faqlipolysis/index.html)
[02.11.02:05]
"Consequences
of extended ketosis: Muscle breakdown, nausea, dehydration, headaches,
light-headedness, irritability, bad breath, kidney problems, and
increased risk of heart disease." (("Fad Diets Versus
Dietary Guidelines," American Institute for Cancer Research:
http://www.eatingbythebook.com/fads/more1.html) [02.11.02:06]
"Potential
consequences of extended ketosis in pregnancy: Fetal
abnormality or death" [02.11.02:07]
"Danger
of extended ketosis for diabetics: Death"
[02.11.02:08]
"Atkins'
diet can lead to the kind of rapid weight fluctuations that adversely
effect the heart. Moreover, the breakdown of fatty acids that
occurs during ketosis may also increase the risk of heart disease.
One of the basic tenets of Atkins' diet is that sugar causes cancer.
Such misleadning pronouncements are essentially scare tactics,
meant to direct the dieter towards foods on the Atkins plan. Finally,
nothing about this plan encourages the dieter to learn some very
basic weight management strategies like portion control and serving
sizes, let alone develop the skills necessary for a lifetime of
balanced nutrition." ("Fad Diets Versus Dietary
Guidelines," American Institute for Cancer Research: http://www.eatingbythebook.com/fads/more1.html)
[02.11.02:09]
"Evaluation
of Beverly Hills Diet Plan by American Institute for Cancer Research:
"A wide range of fundamentally unhealthy habits. Of equal
concern are the healthy habits it doesn't mention." ("Fad
Diets Versus Dietary Guidelines," American Institute for
Cancer Research: http://www.eatingbythebook.com/fads/more3.html)
[02.11.02:10]
"Advocates
of high protein, high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets claim: Eating
carbohydrates raises insulin levels, while eating proteins and
fats does not" [02.11.02:11]
"Scientific
reality (published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition):
Beef raises insulin levels more than white pasta; Fish raises
insulin levels more than whole grain bread; Beef raises insulin
levels 27 times higher than brown rice." ("Fad Diets
Versus Dietary Guidelines," American Institute for Cancer
Research) [02.11.02:12]
"Advocates
of these diets base their calims on: The Glycemic Index"
[02.11.02:13]
"The
weight-management strategy espoused by researchers who helped
develop the Glycemic Index in no way resembles the low-carbohydrate,
high-protein plan of fad diets. Most of the foods with low G.I.'s,
in fact, are fruits, vegetables, grains and beans, so the diet
espoused by Glycemic Index researchers looks quite different from
the meat-, milk-, and cheese-based plans found on the bestsellers
lists today."
("Fad Diets Versus Dietary Guidelines," American Institute
for Cancer Research, http://www.eatingbythebook.com/fads/more7.html;
See also Blix, G., "The Glycemic index: Irrelevant indicator
or indispensable Instrument?" issues in Vegetarian Dietetics,
Spring 2000) [02.11.02:14]
"Robert
Atkins and other advocates of high-protein, high-fat, low-carbohydrate
diets claim: For people with insulin resistance, eating carbohydrates
will raise insulin levels, causing weight gain and heart disease"
[02.11.02:15]
"Scientific
reality (published in the American Journal of Cardiology): Among
people with insulin resistance, three weeks on a high-complex-carbohydrate
diet, along with exercise, reduced insulin levels by 30%. Additional
benefits included a 4% decrease in weight, and more than 20% reductions
in cholesterol and triglycerides, indicating greatly reduced heart
disease risk." (Journal of the American Dietic Association
1980;77:264, cited in McDougall, J., "Americans are getting
fatter -- and dying from it," EarthSave, 2000) [02.11.02:16]
"My
diet will correct most of the risk factors for heart disease."
(Dr. Robert Atkins: Millenium Lecture Series Symposium on the
Great Nutrition Debate, Jefferson Auditorium," U.S. Dept.
of Agriculture, Feb 24, 2000) [02.11.02:17]
"People
who followed the Atkins diet for 12 weeks showed significant increases
in LDL ("bad") cholesterol, and substantial reductions
in HDL (good" cholesterol), indicating markedly increased
risk for heart attacks." (1980;77:264, cited in McDougall,
J., "Americans are getting fatter --- and dying from it,"
EarthSave, 2000) [02.11.02:18]
"How
long Atkins has been claiming his diet reverses heart disease:
30 years" [02.11.02:19]
"Studies
published that substantiated his claim: None"
[02.11.02:20]
"Studies
published by Dr. Robert Atkins in any journal ever: None"
[02.11.02:21]
"Findings
of the only recent study pointed to by Dr. Robert Atkins to support
his diet (done by Dr. Eric Westman and funded by Atkins himself):
On the Atkins diet, 70% of people become constipated, and 65%
develop bad breath." Dr. Dean Ornish: Millenium Lecture
Series Symposium on the Great Nutrition Debate, Jefferson Auditorium,"
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Feb 24, 2000. Dr. Westman was present
and did not dispute the findings or Ornish's statement) [02.11.02:22]
"Foods
highly recommended by Dr. Robert Atkins: Pork rinds and sausage"
[02.11.02:23]
"Telling
people that pork rinds and sausage is good for you is an appealing
way to sell books, but it's irresponsible and it's dangerous for
people who follow this advice." (Dean Ornish: Millenium
Lecture Series Symposium on the Great Nutrition Debate, Jefferson
Auditorium," U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Feb 24, 2000) [02.11.02:24]
"Robert
Atkins and other advocates of high protein, high-fat, low-carbohydrate
diets claim: High protein diets improve all aspects of our lives"
[02.11.02:25]
"High
protein diets impair mental functioning." (International
Journal of Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders 1995;19:811) [02.11.02:26]
"[On
high protein low carbohydrate diets] people lose weight, at least
in the short term. But this is absolutely the worst diet you could
imagine for long-term obesity, heart disease, and some forms of
cancer. If you wanted to find one diet to ruin your helath, you
couldn't find one worse than Atkins. We have 18 million diabetics
in this country, 50 million people with high blood pressure. They
can have kidney problems, and high protein intake will bring them
on faster. The diet is thrombogenic: meaning that fat will tend
to form lipid particles in your blood after meals, which could
lead to blood clots, meaning heart attack or stroke. We worry
about this, becuase many of the people who love these diets are
men aged 40 t 50, who like their meat. They may be 5 years from
their first heart attack. This couldn't be worse for them. Did
you know that for 50% of men who die from heart attacks, the fatal
attack is their first symptom? They will never know what this
diet is doing to them." (James Anderson, M.D., Professor
of Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky School
of Medicine) (Lawerence, Jean, "High Fat, Low Carbs, What's
the Harm," CBS Healthwatch, Medscape, Dec 1999) [02.11.02:27]
"You
can lose weight in lots of ways that aren't healthy. You can take
chemotherapy or get cancer or AIDS or be an alcoholic and lose
weight... The problem with high animal protein diets is that even
if you can lose weight, you're mortgaging your health in the process."
(Dean Ornish, M.D., Professor of Medicine, University of California,
San Francisco; Founder and President, Preventive Medicine Research
Institute: Millenium Lecture Series Symposium on the Great Nutrition
Debate, Jefferson Auditorium," U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,
Feb 24, 2000) [02.11.02:28]
"Length
of time Dr. Atkins has been on his own diet: 36 years"
(Millenium Lecture Series Symposium on the Great Nutrition Debate,
Jefferson Auditorium," U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Feb 24,
2000) [02.11.02:29]
"Physical
condition of Dr. Robert Atkins: So overweight that he exceeds
the upper limits of weight recommended by federal guidelines"
(Attwood, Charles, "Enter the 'Zone': A Giant Leap Backwards,"
http://www.vegsource.com/attwood/zone.htm) [02.11.02:30]
DIETS
(Mediterranean)
"A
study conducted in India suggests that a "Mediterranean"-type
diet rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains and certain
oils can reduce the risk of heart attack and death in people who
already have heart disease. Such a diet may be more helpful in
reducing heart problems than diets that focus solely on cutting
saturated fat and cholesterol. "[in the study] those eating
the Mediterranean diet had an even lower cholesterol than the
control group. "Our trial in a non-Western population has
shown that, over 2 years, a diet enriched with fruit, vegetables,
nuts, whole grains and mustard or soy bean oil is associated with
a pronounced decline in coronary artery disease morbidity and
mortality," the authors conclude. "The long-term benefits
may be even more substantial," they add." (The
Lancet 2002;360:1455-1461.) [02.11.25.01]
DIETS
("The
Zone")
"Barry
Sears' promise: Follow his diet and you will achieve permanent
weight loss, increased energy, and improved health --- and all
without restricting calories." ("Enter
the Zone", Sears, Barry, Harper/Collilns, New York, NY, 1995)
"This is not a calorie deprivation program." ("Enter the Zone," pg.
97)
"Daily calories recommended by the National Academy of Sciences
for a 128
pound woman: 2,000"
"Daily calories recommended by some females following the Zone diet:
1,100" (http://www.drsears.com/site/Tools/FAQs/FAQsHome.nsf)
"Daily calories recommended by the National Research Council for
a 175 pound
man: 2,900"
"Daily calories consumed by some males following the Zone die: 1,400" (http://www.drsears.com/site/Tools/FAQs/FAQsHome.nsf)
[03.03.12.01]
"It is painfully clear, in spite of Sears statements to the contrary, that
the foundation of the Zone is extreme calorie restriction. In the short term,
such a very low calorie diet will indeed lead to weight loss, but most of it
is water loss. In the long term, it will cause nutritional deficiencies and
a decreased metabolic rate, making it even harder to maintain a healthy weight." (Jennifer
Raymond, nutritionist - "Caution: Approaching the Zone" - http://www.navs-online.org/voice/zone.html)
[03.03.12.02]
"Food that Sears says eating could put you into what he calls "carbohydrate
hell": Carrot" (Lindner, Lawrence, "Eating Right," Washington
Post, May 9, 2000, Z18)
"Foods Sears says are acceptable in the Zone diet, as long as you add low-fat
cottage cheese: Haagen-Dazs ice cream, Snickers bars,
12-ounce bottles of beer, Boston Cream pie." ("Enter the Zone," p. 259) [03.03.12.03]
"Humankind has been geneticallly unable to cope with...grains." ("Enter
the Zone," p. 102)
"Sears' explanation for the indisputable reality that the vast majority
of the human race has for thousands of years relied on grains for the vast majority
of its food energy: None." [03.03.12.04]
"For cardiovascular patients, a high-carbohydrate diet may be hazardous
to their health." ("Enter the Zone," p. 206)
"Sears' explanation for the spectacular results hundreds of cardiovascular
patients have repeatedly achieved in reversing heart disease on Dr. Ornish's
high-carbohydrate near vegan diet program: None." [03.03.12.05]
"Sears' unique dietary advice: "You must treat food as if it were a
drug. You must eat...as if it were an intravenous drip... The best time to eat
is when you're not hungry... You can burn more fat watching TV than by exercising." ("Enter
the Zone," p. 3, 96, back cover) [03.03.12.06]
"Barry Sears' The Zone... is another diet craze... Sears' advice will probably
help you lose weight, but only because you'll be eating fewer calories, not because
his untested theories about protein, carbohydrates and insulin will put you into
what he calls 'The Zone.' And to experts who have seen miracle diets come and
go like hemlines, hair-dos, and celebrity romances, that's nothing new... The
Zone and other 'carbo-phobia' diets are based on an eensy-weensy kernel of truth
--- blown way out of proportion by theory, not evidence." (Center for Science
in the Public Interest, Liebmann, Bonnie, "Carbo-Phobia - Zoning Out on
the New Diet Books," Nutrition Action, July/Aug 1996) [03.03.12.07]
"Although Sears hides it, the book advocates a low-calorie diet... Sears
relies on studies that have never been published, peer-reviewed, or adequately
controlled. It's science-fiction... He's preying on vulnerable people." (Alice
Lichentenstein, U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center
on Aging at Tufts University, as quoted by the Center for Science in the Public
Interest, Liebmann, Bonnie, "Carbo-Phobia - Zoning Out on the New Diet Books," Nutrition
Action, July/Aug 1996) [03.03.12.08]
"Expert cited by Barry Sears to support his theory that eating more carbohydrates
raises blood insulin which causes weight gain --- and so the way to lose weight
is to eat more protein and fat and less carbohydrates: Gerald Reaven, M.D., Stanford
University." ("Enter the Zone," p. 30)
"I disagree strongly with the notion that having high blood insulin, by
itself, makes you gain more weight. There are so many studies showing that if
you decrease calories, people lose weight, and it doesn't matter if you do it
by cutting fat, protein or carbohydrate." (Gerald Reaven, M.D., Stanford
University, as quoted by the Center for Science in the Public Interest, Liebmann,
Bonnie, "Carbo-Phobia - Zoning Out on the New Diet Books," Nutrition
Action, July/Aug 1996)
"Studies published by Barry Sears in any journal ever: None." [03.03.12.09]
"Physical condition of Barry Sears: So overweight that he exceeds the upper
limits of weight recommended by federal guidelines." (Attwood, Charlies, "Enter
the Zone: A Giant Leap Backwards," http://www.vegsource.com/attwood/zone.htm)
"Physical possibility for a man 6' 5" (as Sears is) to eat 1,330 calories
a day (as Sears would if he followed his own diet in the manner he claims) for
any substantial length of time and still be overweight: None." [03.03.12.10]
CANCER
(general)
"The
leading cancer in men, regardless of race, is prostate cancer,
followed by lung/bronchus and colon/rectal. Prostate cancer rates
are 1.5 times higher in black men than white men.” (http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/npcr/uscs/pressrelease.htm,
"United States Cancer Statistics: 1999 Incidence by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the National Cancer
Institute (NCI), in collaboration with the North American Association
of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR).") [02.11.25.02.01]
"The
leading cancer in women, regardless of race, is breast cancer,
followed by lung/bronchus and colon/rectal in white women, and
colon/rectal and lung/bronchus in black women. Breast cancer rates
are about 20 percent higher in white women than in black women.”
(http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/npcr/uscs/pressrelease.htm,
"United States Cancer Statistics: 1999 Incidence by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the National Cancer
Institute (NCI), in collaboration with the North American Association
of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR).") [02.11.25.02.02]
"The
(1997) report (Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A
Global Perspective, analyzing more than 4,500 research studies)
by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for
Cancer Research concludes its analysis of vegetarian diets and
cancer by stating: “Vegetarian diets decrease the risk of
cancer." (World Cancer Research
Fund and American institute for Cancer Research, “Food,
Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: a global persective, 1997,
pg 456-57) [02.07.27:01]
"The
report’s number one dietary recommendation - 'Choose predominantly
plant-based diets rich in a variety of vegetables and fruits,
legumes, and minimally processed starchy staple foods.'"
(World Cancer Research Fund and American institute for Cancer
Research, “Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer:
a global persective, 1997, pg 509) [02.07.27:02]
"The
vast majority of all cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and other
forms of degenerative illness can be prevented simply by adopting
a plant-based diet.” (T. Colin Campbell, Ph.D., Senior
Science Advisor to the American Institute for Cancer Research)
[02.07.27:03]
"Number
of years the average U.S. life expectancy would increase if all
cancers could be cured by a magic bullet overnight (according
to estimates by Beverly Winikoff, M.D., a physician at Rockefeller
University): 2 years" (Cited in Ornstein, Robert, and
Ehrlich, Paul, “New World, New Mind,” touchstone/Simon
and Schuser, New York NY, 1989, pg 121) [02.07.27:04]
"Number
of years the average U.S. life expectancy would increase (according
to Dr. Winikoff) if good nutrition, exercise, and non-smoking
became the norm: 7 years" (Cited in Ornstein, Robert,
and Ehrlich, Paul, “New World, New Mind,” Touchstone/Simon
and Schuser, New York NY, 1989, pg 121) [02.07.27:05]
"The
basic reason why heart disease and cancer have become the number
one and number two causes of death in the U.S. and other affluent
countries is that people are living longer. What has allowed us
to live long enough to run these risks? Meat, among other things.”
(National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, “Fact
Sheet” Retort to the PBS Documentary, Diet For a New America.)
[02.07.27:06]
"Likelihood
of a vegetarian reaching the age of 80 compared to a non-vegetarian
(after adjusting for smoking): 1.8 times greater." (Key,
T.J.A., et. al., “Dietary habits and mortality in 11,000
vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a 17-year
follow up,” British Medical Journal 1996:313:775-79; See
also Key, T., et. al., “Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians:
detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective
studies,” American Journal of clinical Nutrtion 1999; 70(sup):516S-24S;
And Frentzel-Beyme, R., et. al., “Vegetarian diets and colon
cancer: the German experience,” American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition 1994:59Ssup):1143S-52S) [02.07.27:07]
"Now
some people scoff at vegetarians, but they have only 40 percent
of our cancer rate. They outlive us. On average they outlive other
men by about six years now." (William Castelli, M.D.,
Director, Framingham Heart Study; National Heart, Lung and Blood
Institute) Barnard, Neal, The Power of Your Plate, Book Publishing
Company, Summertown, TN, 1990, pg 26) [02.07.27:08]
"Cancer
rates for vegetarians compared to general population, after controlling
for smoking, body mass index, and socio-economic status: 25 -
50% less" (Chang-Claude, J., et. al., “Mortality
pattern of German vegetarians after 11 years of follow-up,”
Epidemiology 1992:3:395-401; Thorogood, M., et. al., “Risk
of death from cancer and ischaemic heart disease in meat and non-meat
eaters,” British Medical Journal 1994:308:1667-70) [02.07.27:09]
PROSTATE
CANCER
"A
diet rich in flaxseed seems to reduce the size, aggressiveness
and severity of tumors in mice, according to new research from
Duke University Medical Center. And in 3 percent of the mice,
the flaxseed diet kept them from getting the disease at all. "
(The research was sponsored by the National Institute on Aging,
the National Cancer Institute and the Committee for Urologic Research
Education and Development at Duke University Medical Center. http://dukemednews.duke.edu/news/article.php?id=6041)
[02.11.24.01]
"Clinical
studies... have suggested that dietary fiber reduces cancer risk,
and omega-3 fatty acids also have shown a protective benefit against
cancer. Flaxseed is the richest plant source of omega-3 fatty
acids and is high in fiber. Also, flaxseed is a source of lignan,
a specific family of fiber-related compounds that appear to play
a role in influencing both estrogen and testosterone metabolism."
(The research was sponsored by the National Institute on Aging,
the National Cancer Institute and the Committee for Urologic Research
Education and Development at Duke University Medical Center. http://dukemednews.duke.edu/news/article.php?id=6041)
[02.11.24.02]
"...
in a recent study from China, which suggests that a daily serving
from the allium group of vegetables--garlic, scallions, onions,
leeks, and chives--may help protect against the development of
prostate cancer. The reduced risk of prostate cancer associated
with allium vegetables was independent of body size, intake of
other foods, and total calorie intake and was more pronounced
for men with localized than with advanced prostate cancer. "
(Journal National Cancer Institute: Vol. 94, No. 21, Nov '02 >
Hsing et al., pp. 1648-1651) [02.11.24.03]
LUNG
CANCER
"The
evidence that diets high in vegetables and fruits protect against
lung cancer is convincing... The most effective way of preventing
lung cancer is not to use tobacco. The most effective dietary
means of preventing lung cancer is consumption of diets high in
vegetables and fruits."
(Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective,
American Institute for Cancer Research, and World Cancer Research
Fund) [02.09.20:01]
"Most
common cause of cancer mortality worldwide: lung cancer"
[02.09.20:02]
"Number
of lives lost in the U.S. to lung cancer annually: 150,000"
[02.09.20:03]
"Impact
of smoking on lung cancer incidence: So overwhelming that even
people exposed to second-hand smoke are at heightened risk"
[02.09.20:04]
"Impact
on risk of lung cancer for people who frequently eat green, orange
and yellow vegetables: 20%-60% reduction " (Hirayama
T., "Diet and cancer," Nutrition and Cancer, 1979a;1:67-81.
See also Colditz, G.A. et. al., "Diet and lung cancer: a
review of the epidemiologic evidence in humans," Archives
of Internal Medicine 1987;147:157-60; And International Journal
of Cancer 1998;78:430-366, cited in "Fruits, carrots may
reduce lung cancer risk," Reuters, Nov. 25, 1999) [02.09.20:05]
"The
vegetabale with the strongest protective effect: Carrot"
(International Journal of Cancer 1998;78:430-36, cited in "Fruits,
carrots may reduce lung cancer risk," Reiters. Nov. 25, 1999)
[02.09.20:06]
"Impact
on risk of lung cancer among people who consume a lot of apples,
bananas and grapes: 40% reduction" (International
Journal of Cancer 1998;78:430-36, cited in "Fruits, carrots
may reduce lung cancer risk," Reiters. Nov. 25, 1999) [02.09.20:07]
"Rate
of lung cancer in British vegetarian men compared to the general
British population: 27%" (Key, T., et. al., "Dietary
habits and mortality in 1,000 vegetarians and health conscious
people: results of a 17-year follow up," British Medical
Journal 1998:313:775-79) [02.09.20:08]
"Rate
of lung cancer in British vegetarian women compared to the general
British population: 37%" (Dietary habits and mortality
in 1,000 vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a
17-year follow up," British Medical Journal 1998:313:775-79)
[02.09.20:09]
"Rate
of lung cancer in German vegetarian men compared to the general
German population: 8%" (Frentzel-Beyme, R., et.
al., "Vegetarian diets and colon cancer: the German experience,"
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;59Ssup):1143S-52S)
[02.09.20:10
HEART
DISEASE
"Number
one killer of Americans: Heart disease." (American Heart
Association, Heart Attack and Angina Statistics, 1999) [02/10/08:01]
"Average
American male's risk of developing heart disease: 50%"
(First Estimate of Lifetime Risk for Developing Coronary Heart
Disease," National Institutes of Health News Release, Jan.
7, 1999) [02/10/08:02]
"Average
American female's risk of developing heart disease: 33%"
(First Estimate of Lifetime Risk for Developing Coronary Heart
Disease," National Institutes of Health News Release, Jan.
7, 1999) [02/10/08:03]
"Single
greatest risk factor for heart disease: High blood cholesterol
level." (Roberts, William, "Artherosclerotic Risk
Factors - Are there ten or is there only one?" American Journal
of Cardiology 1989;64:552) [02/10/08:04]
"Proteins
that raise cholesterol levels: Animal proteins." (Anderson,
JW, et. al., Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake
on serum lipids, New England Journal of Medicine 1995;333:276-82.
See also Carroll KK. Dietary protein in relation to plasma cholesterol
levels and artheroscerosis. Nutrition Review 1978;36:1-5) [02/10/08:05]
"Proteins
that lower cholesterol levels: Soy proteins." (Anderson,
JW, et. al., Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake
on serum lipids, New England Journal of Medicine 1995;333:276-82.
See also Carroll KK. Dietary protein in relation to plasma cholesterol
levels and artheroscerosis. Nutrition Review 1978;36:1-5) [02/10/08:06]
"Primary
dietary sources of cholesterol: Eggs, shellfish, chicken, beef,
fish, pork, cheese, butter, milk." [02/10/08:07]
"Plant
foods continaing cholesterol: NONE."
[02/10/08:08]
"Drop
in heart disease risk for every 1 percent decrease in blood cholesterol:
3-4 percent" (Law MR, WaldNJ, Wu T., et. al., Systematic
underestimation of association between serum cholesterol concentration
and ischaemic heart disease.... British Medical Journal 1994;
308:363-66) [02/10/08:09]
"Blood
cholesterol levels of vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians:
14 percent lower" (Resnicow K, Barone J, Engle A, et.
al., Diet and serum lipids in vegan vegetarians: A model for risk
reduction. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1991;91:447-53.
See also West RO, et. al., "Diet and serum cholesterol levels:
a comparison between vegetarians and nonvegetarians..." American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1968;21:853-63; Sacks, FM, Ornish,
D., et. al., "Plasma lipoprotein levels in vegetarians: the
effect of ingestion of fats from dairy products, " Journal
of the American Medical Association 1985;254:1337-41; Messina,
Mark, and Messina, Virginia, The Dietician's Guide to Vegetarian
Diets: Issues and Applications, Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg,
MD 1996) [02/10/08:10]
"Risk
of death from heart disease for vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians:
Half" (Virginia Messina,
coauthor of the American Dietetic Association position paper on
vegetarian diets, Messina, Mark, and Messina, Virginia, The Dietician's
Guide To Vegetarian Diets: Issues and Applications, Aspen Publishers,
Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1996, pg. 20) [02/10/08:11]
"[It
is a] myth [that] the risk of death from heart disease can be
reatly reduced if a person avoids eating a meat-centered diet."
(Myths and Facts About Beef Production: Diet and Health, National
Cattlemen's Beef Association) [02/10/08:12]
"Vegetarians
have lower rates of cancer, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes,
gallstones, kidney disease, obesity, and colon disease."
(Virginia Messina, coauthor of the American Dietetic Association
position paper on vegetarian diets, Messina, Mark, and Messina,
Virginia, The Dietician's Guide To Vegetarian Diets: Issues and
Applications, Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1996,
pg. 58) [02/10/08:13]
"Vegetarian
have the best diet; they have the lowest rates of coronary heart
disease of any group in the country." (William Castelli,
M.D., Director, Framingham Health Study, the longest running study
of diet and heart disease in world medical history, "First
Estimate of Lifetime Risk for Developing Coronary Heart Disease,"
National Institutes of Health News Release, Jan. 7, 1999) [02/10/08:14]
"In
regions where... meat is scarce, cardiovascular disease is unknown."
(Walles, C., "Hold The Eggs and Butter: Cholesteral is Proved
Deadly and Our Diets May Never Be the Same," Time, March
26, 1984, pg. 62) [02/10/08:15]
"Meat,
dairy and egg industries' position: "Your genetics are a
prime determinant of whether you will get arteriosclerosis and
heart disease. If your paents and grandparents had it, then you
are a candidate; if they didn't have it, your risk is much lower."
(Holerton, Gene, The Beef-Eater's Guide to Modern Meat, Holerton
publishing, Los angeles, CA, 1998, pg. 6) [02/10/08:16]
"It
is true that a small percentage of patients have a hereditary
form of arteriosclerosis in the sense that in their immediate
family and their parents' and grandparents' families, there is
a high incidence of arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease...
but that only constitutes about five percent of the cases. Most
people (who develop heart disease) don't really have a hereditary
disease." (Michael Debakey, M.D., Director, Cardiovascular
Research Center, pioneer in heart transplants, bypasses, and the
artificial heart, as cited by: Barnard, Dr. Neal, The Power of
your Plate, Book Publishing Company, Summertown TN, 1990, pg.
25-6) [02/10/08:17]
"Blood
cholesterol levels of vegans ( no meat, eggs, or dairy products)
compared to non-vegetarians: 35 percent lower" (Resnicow
K, Barone J, Engle A, et. al., Diet and serum lipids in vegan
vegetarians: A model for risk reduction. Journal of the American
Dietetic Association 1991;91:447-53. See also Messina, Mark, and
Messina, Virginia, The Dietician's Guide to Vegetarian Diets:
Issues and Applications, Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, MD 1996)
[02/10/08:18]
"Intake
of cholesterol for non-vegetarians: 300-500 milligrams/day"
(Messina, Mark, and Messina, Virginia, The Dietician's Guide To
Vegetarian Diets: Issues and Applications, Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg,
Maryland, 1996, pg. 18) [02/10/08:19]
"Intake
of cholesterol for non-vegetarians: 300-500 milligrams/day"
(Messina, Mark, and Messina, Virginia, The Dietician's Guide To
Vegetarian Diets: Issues and Applications, Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg,
Maryland, 1996, pg. 18) [02/10/08:19]
"Intake
of cholesterol for vegans: Zero"
(Messina, Mark, and Messina, Virginia, The Dietician's Guide To
Vegetarian Diets: Issues and Applications, Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg,
Maryland, 1996, pg. 18) [02/10/08:21]
"Average
cholesterol level in the United States: 210"
(McDougall, John, The McDougall Program for a Healthy Heart, Dutton,
NY NY, 1996, pg. 134) [02/10/08:22]
"Average
cholesterol level of U.S. vegetarians: 161"
(McDougall, John, The McDougall Program for a Healthy Heart, Dutton,
NY NY, 1996, pg. 66-7; See also Fisher, M. et. al., "The
effect of vegetarian diets on plasma lipid and platelet levels,"
Archives of Internal Medicine 1986;146:1193-97; Sacks, FM, e.
al., "Plasma lipoprotein levels in vegetarians..." Journal
of the American Medical Association 1983;254(10):1337-41) [02/10/08:23]
"Average
cholesterol level of U.S. vegans: 133"
(McDougall, John, The McDougall Program for a Healthy Heart, Dutton,
NY NY, 1996, pg. 66-7; See also Fisher, M. et. al., "The
effect of vegetarian diets on plasma lipid and platelet levels,"
Archives of Internal Medicine 1986;146:1193-97; Sacks, FM, e.
al., "Plasma lipoprotein levels in vegetarians..." Journal
of the American Medical Association 1983;254(10):1337-41) [02/10/08:24]
"The
fallacy... is that animal foods are the critical elements in the
diet that are causing coronary heart disease." (National
Cattlemen's Association "Fact Sheeet" Retort to the
PBS Documentary, Diet For A New America) [02/10/08:25]
"We've
never had a heart attack in Framingham in 35 years in anyone who
had a cholesterol under 150."
(William Castelli, M.D., Director, Framingham Health Study, the
longest running study of diet and heart disease in world medical
history, as cited by: Barnard, Dr. Neal, The Power of your Plate,
Book Publishing Company, Summertown TN, 1990, pg. 15) [02/10/08:26]
"A
large and convincing body of evidence from studies in humans .
. . shows that diets low in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol
are associated with low risks and rates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular
disease." (U.S. National Research Council, in "Diet
and Health, Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk) [02/10/08:27]
OBESITY
"U.S.
population considered obese by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention in 1991: 12%" (Mokdad,
A., et. al., “The Spread of the Obesity Epidemic in the
United States,” Journal of the American medical Association
1999;282:1519-22.) [02.07.27:01]
"U.S.
population considered obese by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention in 1998: 17.9%" (Mokdad, A., et. al.,
“The Spread of the Obesity Epidemic in the United States,”
Journal of the American medical Association 1999;282:1519-22.)
[02.07.27:02]
"Relative
risk of obesity for meat eaters compared to vegetarians: 2.5 to
4 times greater" (Wyatt, C., et. al., “Dietary
intake of sodium, potassium, and blood pressure in lacto-ovo vegetarians,”
Nutrition Research 1995:15(6):819-30; See also Kahn, HS, et. al.,
“Stable behaviors associated with adults’ 10-year
change in body mass index and likelihood of gain at the waist,”
American Journal of Public Health, 1997:87:747-54; Key, T., et.
al., “Prevalence of obesity is low in people who do not
eat meat,” British medical Journal 1996:313:816-17) [02.07.27:03]
"Obesity
rate among vegans: Less than 1%" (John Robbin’s
estimate after extensive consultation with physicians and dieticians
familiar with the vegan community.) [02.07.27:04]
"Average
weight of vegan adults compared to non-vegetarians: 10 - 20 lbs.
lighter" (Harding, M.G., et. al., “Nutritional
studies of vegetarians,” Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1954:2:73-82;
Freeland-Graves, J.H., et. al., “Zinc status of vegetarians,”
Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1980:77:655-61; Key,
T., et. al., “Prevalence of obesity is low in people who
do not eat meat,” British Medical Journal 1996:313:816-17)
[02.07.27:05]
"Americans
killed annually by diseases due to excess weight: 280,000"
(Allison, D., et. al., “Annual deaths attributable to obesity
in the United States,” Journal of the American medical Association
1999:16:1530-38) [02.07.27:06]
"Increased
risk of heart disease for obese people: Double to triple."
(Root, Marty, “Obesity and Health: A Hard Look at the Data,”
New Century Nutrition) [02.07.27:07]
"Increased
risk of diabetes for very obese people: 40 times greater"
(Root, Marty, “Obesity and Health: A Hard Look at the Data,”
New Century Nutrition) [02.07.27:08]
"Increased
risk of gallstones for obese people: Double to triple."
(Root, Marty, “Obesity and Health: A Hard Look at the Data,”
New Century Nutrition) [02.07.27:09]
"Increased
risk of colon cancer for obese people: Triple to quadruple."
(Root, Marty, “Obesity and Health: A Hard Look at the Data,”
New Century Nutrition) [02.07.27:10]
SODIUM
"Today
[11/12/02] the American Public Health Association approved policy
calling for a fundamental shift in the restaurant and food processing
industries and in consumer behavior to dramatically lower the
amount of sodium consumed by Americans. "America is hooked
on snacks and foods high in sodium," said Mohammad N. Akhter,
MD, MPH, executive director of the American Public Health Association.
"The bad news is this diet is killing us."
(American Public Health Association, http://www.apha.org/news/press/2002/sodium_consumption.htm)
[02.11.25.01]
"Cardiovascular
diseases are responsible for 40 percent of all deaths in the United
States and cost the nation more than $300 billion annually. Each
year, 710,000 Americans die of heart disease and more than 166,000
die of stroke. Sodium is directly associated with elevated blood
pressure levels, which is a major contributing factor for these
diseases. " (American
Public Health Association, http://www.apha.org/news/press/2002/sodium_consumption.htm)
[02.11.25.02]
"The
average American adult ingests nearly 4,000 mg of sodium daily,
far exceeding the current recommendation to consume no more than
2,400 mg per day. Between two-thirds and three-fourths of the
daily sodium intake of the U.S. population comes from salt in
processed foods; the remainder comes from salt added while cooking
or at the table." (American
Public Health Association, http://www.apha.org/news/press/2002/sodium_consumption.htm)
[02.11.25.03]
